What is PCOS? Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a medical condition that causes ovaries to produce an abnormal amount of androgens, male sex hormones that are usually present in minute quantities in women. It is a hormonal condition that affects women during what is known as the childbearing years. The name polycystic ovaries refers to the numerous cysts ( they are fluid-filled sacs) that form in the ovaries. All women suffering from PCOS do not develop cysts and women can form cysts without having PCOS.